What Family Member Did Clara Nurse Back to Health When She Was a Young Girl?

American Civil State of war nurse and founder of the American Red Cross

Clara Barton
Photo past James E. Purdy (1904)
Built-in	Clarissa Harlowe Barton (1821-12-25)December 25, 1821 North Oxford, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	April 12, 1912(1912-04-12) (aged 90) Glen Echo, Maryland, U.Southward.
Resting place	North Cemetery (Oxford, Massachusetts)
Occupation	Nurse, humanitarian, founder and first president of the American Red Cantankerous
Relatives	Elvira Rock (cousin)
Signature

Clarissa Harlowe Barton (December 25, 1821 – April 12, 1912) was an American nurse who founded the American Red Cross. She was a hospital nurse in the American Civil War, a instructor, and a patent clerk. Since nursing education was not so very formalized and she did not nourish nursing school, she provided cocky-taught nursing care.^[1] Barton is noteworthy for doing humanitarian piece of work and ceremonious rights advancement at a time before women had the correct to vote.^[2] She was inducted into the National Women'south Hall of Fame in 1973.^[3]

Early life [edit]

Clarissa Harlowe Barton was built-in December 25, 1821, in North Oxford, Massachusetts, and was named after the titular grapheme of Samuel Richardson's novel Clarissa. Her begetter was Captain Stephen Barton, a member of the local militia and a selectman (politician) who inspired his daughter with patriotism and a broad humanitarian interest.^[2] He was a soldier under the command of General Anthony Wayne in his crusade confronting the Indigenous in the northwest. He was also the leader of progressive thought in the Oxford village area.^[four] Barton's female parent was Sarah Stone Barton.

When she was 3 years old, Barton was sent to school with her brother Stephen, where she excelled in reading and spelling. At school, she became shut friends with Nancy Fitts; she is the only known friend Barton had equally a kid due to her extreme timidity.^[5]

When Barton was ten years old, she assigned herself the task of nursing her brother David back to health after he cruel from the roof of a barn and received a severe head injury. She learned how to distribute the prescribed medication to her brother, too as how to place leeches on his trunk to bleed him (a standard treatment at the time). She continued to care for David long afterwards doctors had given up. He made a full recovery.^[5]

Her parents tried to help cure her timidity by enrolling her to Colonel Stones High School, simply their strategy turned out to be a catastrophe.^[half-dozen] Barton became more timid and depressed and would not eat. She was brought back dwelling to regain her health.

Upon her render, her family relocated to help a family fellow member; a paternal cousin of Clara'due south had died and left his wife with iv children and a subcontract. The house that the Barton family was to live in needed to be painted and repaired.^[5] Clara was persistent in offering help, much to the gratitude of her family. After the work was washed, she was at a loss because at that place wasn't anything else to help with, to not experience like a burden to her family unit.^[6]

She began to play with her boy cousins and to their surprise, she was skillful at keeping upwardly with such activities as horseback riding. It wasn't until later she had injured herself that Clara's mother began to question her playing with the boys. Her female parent decided she should focus on more than courtly skills. She invited one of Clara'southward girl cousins over to aid develop her femininity. From her cousin, she gained proper social skills too.^[7]

To assist Barton with overcoming her shyness, her parents persuaded her to become a schoolteacher.^[8] She achieved her first teacher's certificate in 1839, at only 17 years old. This profession interested Barton profoundly and helped motivate her; she ended up conducting an effective redistricting campaign that allowed the children of workers to receive an education. Successful projects such as this gave Barton the confidence needed when she demanded equal pay for pedagogy.

Early professional life [edit]

Barton became an educator in 1838 and served for 12 years in schools in Canada and W Georgia. Barton fared well as a instructor; she knew how to handle rambunctious children, particularly the boys since as a child she enjoyed her male child cousins' and brothers' visitor. She learned how to human activity similar them, making it easier for her to relate to and control the boys in her care.^[6] After her female parent'due south decease in 1851, the family dwelling closed downwardly. Barton decided to further her instruction by pursuing writing and languages at the Clinton Liberal Institute in New York. In this college, she developed many friendships that broadened her point of view on many issues concurring at the time. The principal of the institute recognized her tremendous abilities and admired her work. This friendship lasted for many years, somewhen turning into a romance.^[4] Every bit a writer, her terminology was pristine and easy to understand. Her writings and bodies of piece of work could instruct the local statesmen.^[four]

While teaching in Hightstown, Barton learned about the lack of public schools in Bordentown, the neighboring city.^[4] In 1852, she was contracted to open a gratis school in Bordentown, which was the first ever free schoolhouse in New Jersey.^[ix] She was successful, and after a twelvemonth she had hired another adult female to help teach over 600 people. Both women were making $250 a year. This accomplishment compelled the town to raise most $4,000 for a new school building. Once completed, though, Barton was replaced as principal past a human elected by the school board. They saw the position as head of a big institution to exist unfitting for a woman. She was demoted to "female assistant" and worked in a harsh surroundings until she had a nervous breakdown forth with other health ailments, and quit.^[ten]

In 1855, she moved to Washington D.C. and began piece of work every bit a clerk in the US Patent Office;^[11] this was the start time a adult female had received a substantial clerkship in the federal government and at a salary equal to a man'southward salary. For iii years, she received much abuse and slander from male clerks.^[12] Afterward, under political opposition to women working in authorities offices, her position was reduced to that of copyist, and in 1858, under the administration of James Buchanan, she was fired considering of her "Black Republicanism".^[12] Afterward the ballot of Abraham Lincoln, having lived with relatives and friends in Massachusetts for three years, she returned to the patent office in the autumn of 1861, now as temporary copyist, in the hope she could make style for more women in regime service.

American Civil War [edit]

On April 19, 1861, the Baltimore Riot resulted in the first bloodshed of the American Ceremonious War. The victims, members of the sixth Massachusetts Militia, were transported subsequently the violence to the unfinished Capitol Building in Washington D.C., where Barton lived at the time. Wanting to serve her country, Barton went to the railroad station when the victims arrived and nursed 40 men.^[12] Barton provided crucial, personal aid to the men in uniform, many of whom were wounded, hungry and without supplies other than what they carried on their backs. She personally took supplies to the building to help the soldiers.

Barton quickly recognized them, equally she had grown upwardly with some of them and even taught some. Barton, along with several other women, personally provided clothing, food, and supplies for the sick and wounded soldiers. She learned how to store and distribute medical supplies and offered emotional support to the soldiers by keeping their spirits high. She would read books to them, write letters to their families for them, talk to them, and support them.^[13]

Information technology was on that 24-hour interval that she identified herself with army work and began her efforts towards collecting medical supplies for the Marriage soldiers. Prior to distributing provisions directly onto the battlefield and gaining further support, Barton used her own living quarters as a storeroom and distributed supplies with the aid of a few friends in early 1862, despite opposition in the War Department and among field surgeons.^[two] Ladies' Help Guild helped in sending bandages, food, and article of clothing that would afterwards be distributed during the Ceremonious State of war. In August 1862, Barton finally gained permission from Quartermaster Daniel Rucker to piece of work on the front end lines. She gained support from other people who believed in her cause. These people became her patrons, her most supportive beingness Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts.^[14]

After the First Battle of Bull Run, Barton placed an ad in a Massachusetts paper for supplies; the response was a profound influx of supplies.^[fifteen] She worked to distribute stores, clean field hospitals, apply dressings, and serve food to wounded soldiers in close proximity to several battles, including Cedar Mountain, Second Balderdash Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg.^[16] Barton helped both Union and Confederate soldiers.^[15] Supplies were non always readily available though. At the battle of Antietam, for case, Barton used corn-husks in place of bandages.^[17]

In 1863 she began a romantic relationship with an officeholder, Colonel John J. Elwell.^[18]

In 1864, she was appointed by Marriage General Benjamin Butler as the "lady in accuse" of the hospitals at the front of the Regular army of the James. Amongst her more harrowing experiences was an incident in which a bullet tore through the sleeve of her dress without striking her and killed a man to whom she was tending. She was known as the "Florence Nightingale of America".^[19] She was also known as the "Angel of the Battleground"^[thirteen] afterward she came to the aid of the overwhelmed surgeon on duty following the battle of Cedar Mountain in Northern Virginia in Baronial 1862. She arrived at a field hospital at midnight with a large number of supplies to help the severely wounded soldiers. This naming came from her frequent timely assistance as she served troops at the battles of Fairfax Station, Chantilly, Harpers Ferry, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Charleston, Petersburg and Common cold Harbor.^{[nine] [20]}

Post American Civil War [edit]

After the cease of the American Civil War, Barton discovered that thousands of letters from distraught relatives to the State of war Department were going unanswered because the soldiers they were questioning about were cached in unmarked graves. Many of these soldiers were labeled merely every bit "missing". Motivated to do more well-nigh the situation, Miss Barton contacted President Lincoln in hopes that she would be immune to respond officially to these unanswered inquiries. She was given permission, and "The Search for the Missing Men" commenced.^[21]

Later on the state of war, she ran the Office of Missing Soldiers, at 437 ½ Seventh Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C. in the Gallery Place neighborhood.^[22] The office's purpose was to detect or identify soldiers killed or missing in activity.^[23] Barton and her assistants wrote 41,855 replies to inquiries and helped locate more than than 22,000 missing men. Barton spent the summertime of 1865 helping discover, identify, and properly bury 13,000 individuals who died in Andersonville prison house campsite, a Confederate prisoner-of-state of war camp in Georgia.^[24] She continued this job over the next iv years, burial 20,000 more than Union soldiers and marking their graves.^[21] Congress eventually appropriated $15,000 toward her projection.^[25]

American Red Cross [edit]

Barton achieved widespread recognition by delivering lectures effectually the country near her war experiences in 1865–1868. During this time she met Susan B. Anthony and began an association with the adult female'southward suffrage movement. She also became acquainted with Frederick Douglass and became an activist for civil rights. Subsequently her countrywide tour she was both mentally and physically exhausted and nether physician's orders to go somewhere that would have her far from her current work. She closed the Missing Soldiers Part in 1868 and traveled to Europe. In 1869, during her trip to Geneva, Switzerland, Barton was introduced to the Red Cross and Dr. Appia; he later on would invite her to exist the representative for the American branch of the Red Cantankerous and help her find financial benefactors for the start of the American Cherry Cross. She was also introduced to Henry Dunant's book A Memory of Solferino, which called for the formation of national societies to provide relief voluntarily on a neutral ground.

In the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, in 1870, she assisted the Grand Duchess of Baden in the preparation of military hospitals and gave the Carmine Cross guild much aid during the state of war. At the articulation request of the German regime and the Strasbourg Comité de Secours, she superintended the supplying of work to the poor of Strasbourg in 1871, later on the Siege of Paris, and in 1871 had charge of the public distribution of supplies to the destitute people of Paris. At the shut of the war, she received honorable decorations of the Gilt Cross of Baden and the Prussian Iron Cross.^[26]

When Barton returned to the United States, she inaugurated a movement to proceeds recognition for the International Committee of the Cherry Cross (ICRC) by the The states government.^[27] In 1873, she began work on this project. In 1878, she met with President Rutherford B. Hayes, who expressed the opinion of most Americans at that time which was the U.Southward. would never again face a calamity similar the Civil State of war. Barton finally succeeded during the administration of President Chester Arthur, using the argument that the new American Red Cantankerous could respond to crises other than war such equally natural disasters similar earthquakes, wood fires, and hurricanes.

Barton became President of the American co-operative of the society, which held its showtime official coming together at her I Street flat in Washington, DC, May 21, 1881. The beginning local lodge was founded August 22, 1881 in Dansville, Livingston County, New York, where she maintained a country home.^{[28] [29]}

The gild'south function changed with the appearance of the Spanish–American War during which information technology aided refugees and prisoners of the civil war. In one case the Spanish–American State of war was over the grateful people of Santiago built a statue in honor of Barton in the town square, which even so stands there today. In the United States, Barton was praised in numerous newspapers and reported almost Ruby Cross operations in person.^[thirty]

Domestically in 1884 she helped in the floods on the Ohio river, provided Texas with food and supplies during the famine of 1887, took workers to Illinois in 1888 afterwards a tornado, and that same year took workers to Florida for the xanthous fever epidemic.^[31] Inside days after the Johnstown Flood in 1889, she led her delegation of l doctors and nurses in response.^[31] In 1896, responding to the humanitarian crunch in the Ottoman Empire of the Hamidian massacres, Barton arrived in Constantinople February 15. Barton along with Minister Terrell spoke with Tewfik Pasha, the Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs, to procure the right to enter the interior. Barton herself stayed in Constantinople to behave the business organisation of the expedition. Her General Field Agent, J. B. Hubbell, Grand.D.; ii Special Field Agents, E. M. Wistar and C. M. Wood; and Ira Harris M. D., Doc in Accuse of Medical Relief in Zeitoun and Marash, traveled to the Armenian provinces in the leap of 1896, providing relief and humanitarian aid. Barton likewise worked in hospitals in Cuba in 1898 at the age of 77.^[32] Barton's last field operation equally President of the American Red Cross was helping victims of the Galveston hurricane in 1900. The functioning established an orphanage for children.

Every bit criticism arose of her mixing professional and personal resources, Barton was forced to resign as president of the American Red Cross in 1904 at the age of 83 considering her egocentric leadership mode fit poorly into the formal structure of an organizational charity.^[9] She had been forced out of office by a new generation of all-male scientific experts who reflected the realistic efficiency of the Progressive Era rather than her idealistic humanitarianism.^[33] In retentivity of the mettlesome women of the ceremonious war, the Red Cantankerous Headquarters was founded. During the dedication, not one person said a give-and-take. This was done in social club to accolade the women and their services.^[34] After resigning, Barton founded the National First Aid Club.

Final years [edit]

She continued to live in her Glen Echo, Maryland dwelling which also served as the Carmine Cross Headquarters upon her arrival to the house in 1897. Barton published her autobiography in 1908, titled The Story of My Childhood.^[20] On April 12, 1912, she died in her home at the age of 90. The crusade of expiry was pneumonia.

Religious beliefs [edit]

Although not formally a member of the Universalist Church of America,^[35] in a 1905 alphabetic character to the widow of Carl Norman Thrasher, she identified herself with her parents' church as a "Universalist".^[36]

My dear friend and sister:

Your belief that I am a Universalist is as correct as your greater belief that you are one yourself, a belief in which all who are privileged to possess it rejoice. In my case, it was a nifty gift, similar St. Paul, I "was born free", and saved the pain of reaching it through years of struggle and doubtfulness.

My father was a leader in the building of the church building in which Hosea Ballow preached his kickoff dedication sermon. Your historic records will show that the old Huguenot town of Oxford, Mass. erected 1 of, if non the first Universalist Church building in America. In this town I was born; in this church building I was reared. In all its reconstructions and remodelings I take taken a role, and I look anxiously for a time in the near futurity when the decorated world will let me once more than go a living part of its people, praising God for the advance in the liberal faith of the religions of the earth today, and so largely due to the teachings of this belief.

Give, I pray you lot, beloved sis, my warmest congratulations to the members of your order. My best wishes for the success of your almanac meeting, and accept my thank you most sincerely for having written me.

Fraternally yours, (Signed) Clara Barton.

While she was not an agile member of her parents' church, Barton wrote about how well known her family was in her hometown and how many relationships her father formed with others in their town through their church and religion.^[6]

Clara Barton National Celebrated Site [edit]

In 1975, the Clara Barton National Historic Site, located at 5801 Oxford Road, Glen Echo, Maryland, was established as a unit of measurement of the National Park Service at Barton'due south habitation, where she spent the last 15 years of her life. As the commencement National Celebrated Site dedicated to the accomplishments of a adult female, information technology preserves the early history of the American Red Cantankerous, since the home also served as an early on headquarters of the organization.

The National Park Service has restored eleven rooms, including the Red Cross offices, the parlors, and Barton'south bedroom. Visitors to Clara Barton National Historic Site can gain a sense of how Barton lived and worked. Guides lead tourists through the three levels, emphasizing Barton'due south utilize of her unusual habitation. In 2018 the site was indefinitely closed due to repairs.^[37]

The N Oxford, Massachusetts, house in which she was born is now also a museum.

Clara Barton'southward Missing Soldiers Role [edit]

In 1869, Barton airtight the Missing Soldiers Office and headed to Europe.^[38] The tertiary flooring of her one-time boardinghouse was boarded up in 1913, and the site forgotten. The site was "lost" in function because Washington, DC realigned its addressing system in the 1870s. The boardinghouse became 437 ½ 7th Street Northwest (formerly 488-ane/2 7th Street Due west).

In 1997, General Services Administration carpenter Richard Lyons was hired to cheque out the building for its demolition. He establish a treasure trove of Barton items in the cranium, including signs, clothing, Civil State of war soldier's socks, an army tent, Civil State of war-era newspapers, and many documents relating to the Office of Missing Soldiers.^[39] This discovery led to the NPS saving the edifice from sabotage. It took years, notwithstanding, for the site to be restored.^[40] The Clara Barton'southward Missing Soldiers Office Museum, run past the National Museum of Civil War Medicine, opened in 2015.^{[41] [42]}

Fictional depictions [edit]

• Numbering All the Bones by Ann Rinaldi features Barton and Andersonville Prison, a Ceremonious State of war prison with terrible atmospheric condition.
• Angel of Mercy (MGM, 1939) is a biographical short film directed past Edward 50. Cahn, starring Sara Haden as Barton and Ann Rutherford as a woman whose brother'due south death in a Civil State of war battle inspires her to bring together Barton in her work.^[43]
• In the NBC TV series Voyagers! (1982–1983), Phineas Bogg and Jeffrey Jones travel through time to brand certain history proceeds correctly. In the episode "The Travels of Marco ... and Friends", season ane, episode 9, original airdate December 3, 1982, Phineas and Jeffrey rescue Barton (Patricia Donahue) from a burning railroad vehicle, but she is on the verge of succumbing to smoke inhalation. Jeffrey (a young boy from 1982) applies oral fissure-to-oral cavity resuscitation (a technique unknown in Barton'south fourth dimension) and saves her life, thus enabling her to proceed to found the American Red Cross.
• Mandy Moore plays Barton in an episode of Drunk History which features a summary of Barton'south accomplishments during and after the Civil War as narrated past Amber Ruffin.
• America: The Movement Picture features a highly fictionalized version of Clara Barton as voiced by Megan Leahy.
• In the HBO series The Gilt Age (2022), Barton is brought to life past Tony award nominated Linda Emond.

Places named for Clara Barton [edit]

Schools [edit]

• Clara Barton Elementary School in Levittown, Pennsylvania
• Barton Hall at Montclair State University in Upper Montclair, New Jersey
• Clara Barton Elementary on Del Amo Boulevard in Long Beach, California
• Clara Barton Simple School in Alton, Illinois
• Clara Barton Elementary Schoolhouse in Redmond, Washington
• Clara Barton Elementary Schoolhouse in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
• Clara Barton Simple Schoolhouse in Anaheim, California
• Clara Barton Elementary School in The Bronx
• Clara Barton Elementary School in Cherry Hill, New Jersey
• Clara Barton Elementary School in Chicago
• Clara Barton Elementary School in Corona, California
• Clara Barton Elementary School in Oxford, Massachusetts
• Clara Barton Elementary School in San Diego (now San Diego Cooperative Charter School)
• Clara Barton Unproblematic Schoolhouse in Rochester NY^[44]
• Clara Barton Simple School in Westward Mifflin, Pennsylvania
• Clara Barton Junior High School in Royal Oak, Michigan
• Clara Barton High School for Wellness Professions in Brooklyn
• Clara Barton House, a residence hall at Towson University, Towson, Maryland
• Clara Barton Open School in Minneapolis
• Clara Barton School, in Cabin John, Maryland, now the Clara Barton Community Centre
• Clara Barton School in Bordentown, New Bailiwick of jersey
• Clara Barton School in Fargo, North Dakota
• Clara Barton Schoolhouse in Philadelphia
• Barton Academy in Mobile, Alabama

Streets [edit]

• Clara Barton Road in Oxford, Massachusetts
• Clara Barton Lane in Galveston, Texas
• Barton Boulevard in Rockledge, Florida
• Clara Barton Drive in Albany, New York
• Clara Barton Bulldoze in Fairfax Station, Virginia
• Clara Barton Parkway in Maryland
• Clara Barton Street in Dansville, NY
• Clara Barton Boulevard in Garland, TX
• Clara Barton Circle in Sylacauga, AL
• Clara Bartonstraat in Amsterdam
• Barton Road in Windsor, Maine

Other [edit]

• Barton, a crater on Venus
• Barton Center for Diabetes Education, North Oxford, Massachusetts
• Barton County, Kansas
• Barton Hall, Iowa State University
• Barton Business firm in Towson University
• Barton Towers, in Imperial Oak, Michigan, on the sometime site of Clara Barton Junior High School
• Barton's Crossing, Pittsfield, Massachusetts, a homeless shelter^[45]
• Clara Barton, a Norwegian Air Boeing 737-8MAX (part of Norwegian'due south "Tailfin Heroes" series)
• Clara Barton, New Jersey, an unincorporated community located within Edison Township
• Clara Barton Auditorium, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, Virginia
• Clara Barton Customs Heart, Cabin John, Maryland
• Clara Barton Commune, a regional association of Unitarian Universalist Association fellow member congregations
• Clara Barton Beginning Aid Squad, Edison, New Jersey
• Clara Barton Home and Gardens, Johnstown, PA
• Clara Barton Hospital and Clinics, Hoisington, Kansas
• Clara Barton Memorial Forest in Lake Clear, New York, planted in 1925
• Clara Barton Mail Office Building, at fourteen Walnut Street in Bordentown, New Jersey^[46]
• Clara Barton Service Expanse, on the New Jersey Turnpike in Oldmans Township, New Jersey
• Clara Barton Shelter, Stony Brook State Park, Dansville, New York
• Clara Barton Tree, a giant sequoia tree in the Behemothic Forest, Sequoia National Park^[47]
• Heritage of Clara Barton, Edison, NJ, an Assisted Living Community
• Lake Barton in Burke, Virginia
• The House of Clara Barton at The Rex'due south College (New York City)^[48]

Other remembrances [edit]

Barton on a 1948 U.S. commemorative stamp.

A stamp with a portrait of Barton and an paradigm of the American Reddish Cantankerous symbol was issued in 1948.^[49]

Barton was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1973.^[3]

Barton was featured in 1995 in a gear up of U.S. stamps commemorating the Civil War.^{[50] [51]}

In 2019, Barton was announced as ane of the members of the inaugural course of the Government Executive magazine's Regime Hall of Fame.^[52]

Exhibits in the east wing of the third flooring, 3 East, of the National Museum of American History are focused on the Us at war. The Clara Barton Red Cross ambulance was at one signal the signature antiquity there but is no longer on brandish.

The schoolhouse in the Disney prove Sydney to the Max is named Clara Barton Middle School.

Published works [edit]

• Barton, Clara H. The Red Cross-In Peace and War. Washington, D.C.: American Historical Press, 1898. OCLC 1187508.
• Barton, Clara H. Story of the Reddish Cantankerous-Glimpses of Field Piece of work. New York: D. Appleton and Visitor, 1904. OCLC 5807882.
• Barton, Clara H. The Story of My Childhood. New York: Baker & Taylor Company, 1907. Reprinted past Arno Press in 1980. OCLC 6015444.

References [edit]

1. ^ Summers, Cole. "Clara Barton- Founder of the American Red Cross". Truth About Nursing . Retrieved May 5, 2017.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Edward, James; Wilson, Janet; S. Boyer, Paul (1971). Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Vol. ane. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Pr. pp. 103–107.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Barton, Clara". National Women's Hall of Fame.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Bacon-Foster, Corra (1918). "Clara Barton, Humanitarian". Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. 21: 278–356. JSTOR 40067108.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Barton, Clara (1980). The Story of My Childhood New York: Arno Press Inc
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Pryor, Elizabeth Brown (1987). Clara Barton: Professional person Angel. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812212738
7. ^ Pryor, Elizabeth Brownish (1988). Clara Barton: professional angel. Philadelphia: Academy of Pennsylvania. ISBN978-0-8122-1273-0.
8. ^ Pryor, Elizabeth Brown (2000). "Barton, Clara". American National Biography
9. ^ ^{a b c} Howard, Angela; M. Kavenik, Frances (1990). Handbook of American Women's History. Vol. 696. NY: Garland. pp. 61–62.
10. ^ Spiegel, Allen D (1995). "The Function of Gender, Phrenology, Discrimination and Nervous Prostration in Clara Barton'southward Career". Journal of Customs Health. twenty (six): 501–526. doi:10.1007/BF02277066. PMID 8568024. S2CID 189875392.
11. ^ "Clara Barton", Lexicon of Unitarian & Universalist Biography
12. ^ ^{a b c} Willard, Frances Eastward.; Livermore, Mary A. (2005). Bang-up American Women of the 19th Century: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books. pp. 81–82. ISBN9781591022114.
13. ^ ^{a b} "Clara Barton | American Ruddy Cross Founder | Who is Clara Barton". American Red Cantankerous . Retrieved December 9, 2016.
14. ^ Oates, Stephen B. (1994). A Woman of Valor. Macmillan. pp. 13, 51–52. ISBN0-02-923405-0.
15. ^ ^{a b} Tsui, Bonnie (2006). She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil State of war. Guilford: 2 Dot. p. 110. ISBN978-0-7627-4384-1.
16. ^ Oates, Stephen B. (1994). A Woman of Valor. Macmillan. pp. 58–64, 67–77, 83–91, 106–120. ISBN0-02-923405-0.
17. ^ Hall, Richard H. (2006). Women on the Ceremonious War Battlefront. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 41. ISBN978-0-7006-1437-0.
18. ^ Oates, Stephen B. (1994). A Adult female of Valor. Macmillan. pp. 145–146, 148–157. ISBN0-02-923405-0.
19. ^ Barton, William Eleazar (1922). "The Forerunners of the Red Cross". The Life of Clara Barton: Founder of the American Red Cross, Book 2. Houghton Mifflin. p. 115. Retrieved February iv, 2019 – via Google Books.
20. ^ ^{a b} "The Story of My Childhood". Globe Digital Library. 1907. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
21. ^ ^{a b} Harper, Ida H. (1912). "The Life and Work of Clara Barton". The North American Review. 195 (678): 701–712. JSTOR 25119760.
22. ^ Clara Barton Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. dcwriters.poetrymutual.org
23. ^ "Clara Barton Missing Soldiers Office". National Museum of Civil War Medicine. Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
24. ^ "Clara Barton and Andersonville". National Park Service. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
25. ^ Peck, Garrett (2015). Walt Whitman in Washington, D.C.: The Civil War and America'due south Great Poet. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 76–79. ISBN978-ane-62619-973-six.
26. ^ I or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Wilson, J. Grand.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Barton, Clara". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
27. ^ Epler, Percy Harold (1915). The Life of Clara Barton. Macmillan. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
28. ^ Marks, Mary Jo. "History – Founder Clara Barton". American Cerise Cross. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
29. ^ McCullough, David (1968). The Johnstown Flood. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 239. ISBN978-0-671-39530-8.
30. ^ Dromi, Shai M. (2020). Above the fray: The Red Cantankerous and the making of the humanitarian NGO sector. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. pp. 102–106. ISBN9780226680101.
31. ^ ^{a b} McCullough, David (1968). The Johnstown Flood. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-0-671-39530-8.
32. ^ Ardalan, Christine (2010). "Clara Barton's 1898 battles in Cuba: a reexamination of her nursing contributions" (PDF). Florida Atlantic Comparative Studies Journal. 12 (1): 1–xx.
33. ^ Burton, David Henry (1995) Clara Barton: In the Service of Humanity. Greenwood.
34. ^ Downing, Margaret Brent (1924). "The Centenary of Clara Barton and Contempo Biographical Sketches of Her Life and Achievements". Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. 26: 121–8. JSTOR 40067384.
35. ^ Miller, Russell Due east. (1979). The Larger Hope: The Kickoff Century of the Universalist Church in America 1770 – 1870. p. 124. ISBN9780933840003. OCLC 16690792. Although not formally a Universalist by church building membership, she had come of a Universalist family unit, was sympathetic to the tenets of the denomination, and has ever been claimed past it.
36. ^ "Positive Atheism website". Archived from the original on March v, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2007. Source taken from The Universalist Leader 120/49 1938.
37. ^ "Clara Barton NHS – The Business firm". National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
38. ^ "Clara Barton Chronology 1861–1869". National Park Service. Retrieved June eight, 2015.
39. ^ "Clara Barton'due south Missing Soldiers Office: An Historic Rediscovery on 7th Street". Smithsonian Associates. July 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
40. ^ "Clara Barton's D.C. Office To Be Civil War Missing Soldiers Museum". HuffPost. Apr 12, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
41. ^ "Clara Barton Missing Soldiers Part". Retrieved June 12, 2017.
42. ^ Peck, Garrett (2015). Walt Whitman in Washington, D.C.: The Civil State of war and America's Great Poet. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 76–80. ISBN978-one-62619-973-6.
43. ^ Affections of Mercy at IMDb
44. ^ "Clara Barton School No. two / Overview". rcsdk12.org.
45. ^ "Bartons Crossing Emergency (BCAC)". homelessshelterdirectory.org.
46. ^ "Bill Announcement". whitehouse.gov – via National Archives.
47. ^ "Trail Map of Big Trees Trail". Retrieved December 22, 2015.
48. ^ "Business firm of Clara Barton". Retrieved September sixteen, 2019.
49. ^ 3c Clara Barton single (n.d.). "Arago: Clara Barton Consequence". Arago.si.edu. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
50. ^ "#2975 1995 32c Civil WarUsed Sheet". www.mysticstamp.com.
51. ^ "1995 32c Civil War". world wide web.mysticstamp.com.
52. ^ Shoop, Tom. "Countdown Inductees into Government Hall of Fame Unveiled – Regime Executive". Govexec.com. Retrieved August 16, 2019.

Further reading [edit]

• Barton, William Due east. The Life of Clara Barton Founder of the American Red Cross. (1922) OCLC 164624867.
• Burton, David Henry. Clara Barton: in the service of humanity (Greenwood, 1995); Major scholarly written report online
• Crompton, Samuel Etinde. Clara Barton: Humanitarian. New York: Chelsea House, 2009. ISBN 978-1-60413-492-six. OCLC 290489234.
• Deady, Kathleen W. Clara Barton. Mankato: Capstone Press, 2003. ISBN 0-7368-1604-6. OCLC 50022907.
• Dulles Foster R. The American Red Cross: A History (1950)
• Henle, Ellen Langenheim. "Clara Barton, Soldier or Pacifist?." Civil War History 24.ii (1978): 152–160. online
• Hutchinson, John F. Champions of Charity: State of war and the Ascension of the Red Cross. Bedrock: Westview Press, Inc., 1996. ISBN 0-8133-2526-9 OCLC 33948775.
• Jones, Marian Moser. The American Red Cross from Clara Barton to the New Bargain. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-i-4214-0738-8 OCLC 786245443
• Joyce, James Avery. Red Cantankerous International and the Strategy of Peace. New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1959. OCLC 263367.
• Oates, Stephen B. A Woman of Valor: Clara Barton and the Civil War. New York: Free Press, 1994. ISBN 0-02-923405-0 OCLC 29259364
• Ross, Ishbel. Angel of the Battlefield: The Life of Clara Barton. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1956. OCLC 420062.
• Safranski, Debby Burnett. Angel of Andersonville, Prince of Tahiti: The Extraordinary Life of Dorence Atwater. Alling-Porterfield Publishing House, 2008. ISBN 0-9749767-1-7 OCLC 613558868
• Holder, Victoria 50 (October 2003). "From hand maiden to right hand-the birth of nursing in America". Association of Operations Room Nurses. 78 (4): 618–32. doi:10.1016/S0001-2092(06)60669-8. PMID 14575186. ProQuest 200782850.
• Barton, Report of Miss Clara 1896, Report, America's Relief Expedition to Asia Minor Under the Red Cantankerous. Journal Publishing Visitor, Meriden, Conn.

Historiography [edit]

• Amico, Eleanor B., ed. Reader'due south Guide to Women's Studies ( Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998) pg.56–57

External links [edit]

• Clara Barton, Ceremonious State of war Nurse, Educator And Humanitarian
• Clara Barton Elementary Schoolhouse – Lake Washington School Commune
• Clara Barton National Historic Site
• Clara Barton Birthplace Museum
• Clara Barton Missing Soldiers Office
• The Barton Center For Diabetes Education, Inc.
• Clara Barton Passport Application – 1869 (Original document prototype)
• Clara Barton, A Register of Her Papers in the Library of Congress
• Clara Barton Papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections
• Michals, Debra. "Clara Barton". National Women's History Museum. 2015.
• The personal papers of Clara Barton are in the Andover-Harvard Theological Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• Works past Clara Barton at Projection Gutenberg
• Works by or about Clara Barton at Internet Annal
• Works by Clara Barton at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Clara Barton at Find a Grave
• Portrait of Clara Barton on ICRC Library and Archives blog Cross-files
• Clara Barton papers at the Academy of Maryland Libraries

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Barton

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